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第八章 美國：心情矛盾的超級大國
1. “二戰”後第一位總統杜魯門解釋道，“美國的外交政策堅定地建立在公平正義的原則之上”，“我們一定要努力把這一黃金原則應用到這個世界的國際事務中去”。艾森豪曾是一位堅強的士兵，作為總統，他幾乎用同樣的話語來表達目標：“我們希望和平……在國家生活中紮根。必須有正義，所有人民都能感受和分享……必須有法律，所有國家都援用和尊重它。”因此，正如傑拉爾德·福特在1974年國會聯席會議上所說：“成功的外交政策，是把全體美國人民的希望向外延伸，追求一個有序和平、有序改良和有序自由的世界。”Harry S. Truman, Address on Foreign Policy at the Navy Day Celebration in New York City, October 27, 1945; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Second Inaugural Address (“The Price of Peace”), January 21, 1957, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957–1961, 62–63. Gerald Ford, Address to a Joint Session of Congress, August 12, 1974, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977), 6.
2. Lyndon B. Johnson, Address to the United Nations General Assembly, December 17, 1963.
3. For an eloquent exposition, see Robert Kagan,The World America Made (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012).
4. Milovan Djilas,Conversations with Stalin, trans. Mi插el B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1962), 114.
5. Kennan to 插rles Bohlen, January 26, 1945, as quoted in John Lewis Gaddis,George Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 188.
6. Bohlen,Witness to History, 176.
7. 美國大使館當時暫時沒有大使。W·埃夫里爾·哈里曼已經離任，而沃爾特·比德爾·史密斯尚未赴任。
8. “X” [George F. Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs 25, no. 4 (July 1947).
9. Ibid.
10. Robert Rhodes James, ed.,Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963(New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 7:7710.
11. A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, NSC-68 (April 14, 1950), 7.
12. John Foster Dulles, “Foundations of Peace” (address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, New York, August 18, 1958).
13. George H. W. Bush faced a similar issue after Saddam Hussein’s forces had been expelled from Kuwait in 1991.
14. Shen Zhihua,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s, trans. Neil Silver (London: Routledge, 2012), 140.
15. Chen Jian,China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 149–50. On the Chinese leadership’s analysis of the war and its regional implications, see also Sergei N. Gon插rov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993); Henry Kissinger,On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 插p. 5; Shen,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War;and Shu Guang Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
16. See 插pter 5.
17. General Omar N. Bradley, 插irman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testimony before the Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, May 15, 1951, inMilitary Situation in the Far East, hearings, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., pt. 2, 732 (1951).
18. See Peter Braestrup,Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977); Robert Elegant, “How to Lose a War: The Press and Viet Nam,”Encounter (London), August 1981, 73–90; Guenter Lewy,America in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 272–79, 311–24.
19. “An Interview with the President: The Jury Is Out,”Time, January 3, 1972.
20. Ri插rd Nixon, U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace: A Report to the Congress, by Ri插rd Nixon, President of the United States, February 25, 1971, 107. 直到這個時候，美國政府文件一直把中國稱為“共產黨中國”或泛稱為北京或北平（國民黨給這個城市的名稱）當局。
21. Ri插rd Nixon, Remarks to Midwestern News Media Executives Attending a Briefing on Domestic Policy in Kansas City, Missouri, July 6, 1971, inPublic Papers of the Presidents, 805–6.
22. See Kissinger,On China,插p. 9.
23. Ri插rd Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1973, inMy Fellow Americans,333.
24. Ri插rd Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace, 10.
25. Ri插rd Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: A New Strategy for Peace,February 18, 1970, 9.
26. Ri插rd Nixon, U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Shaping a Durable Peace,May 3, 1973, 232–33.
27. Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the American People, January 11, 1989, inIn the Words of Ronald Reagan: The Wit, Wisdom, and Eternal Optimism of America’s 40th President,ed Mi插el Reagan (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2004), 34.
28. Ronald Reagan,An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 592.
29. Lou Cannon,President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 792.
30. Ronald Reagan, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union, January 25, 1984, inThe Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan,Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
1. “二戰”後第一位總統杜魯門解釋道，“美國的外交政策堅定地建立在公平正義的原則之上”，“我們一定要努力把這一黃金原則應用到這個世界的國際事務中去”。艾森豪曾是一位堅強的士兵，作為總統，他幾乎用同樣的話語來表達目標：“我們希望和平……在國家生活中紮根。必須有正義，所有人民都能感受和分享……必須有法律，所有國家都援用和尊重它。”因此，正如傑拉爾德·福特在1974年國會聯席會議上所說：“成功的外交政策，是把全體美國人民的希望向外延伸，追求一個有序和平、有序改良和有序自由的世界。”Harry S. Truman, Address on Foreign Policy at the Navy Day Celebration in New York City, October 27, 1945; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Second Inaugural Address (“The Price of Peace”), January 21, 1957, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957–1961, 62–63. Gerald Ford, Address to a Joint Session of Congress, August 12, 1974, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977), 6.
2. Lyndon B. Johnson, Address to the United Nations General Assembly, December 17, 1963.
3. For an eloquent exposition, see Robert Kagan,The World America Made (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012).
4. Milovan Djilas,Conversations with Stalin, trans. Mi插el B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1962), 114.
5. Kennan to 插rles Bohlen, January 26, 1945, as quoted in John Lewis Gaddis,George Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 188.
6. Bohlen,Witness to History, 176.
7. 美國大使館當時暫時沒有大使。W·埃夫里爾·哈里曼已經離任，而沃爾特·比德爾·史密斯尚未赴任。
8. “X” [George F. Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs 25, no. 4 (July 1947).
9. Ibid.
10. Robert Rhodes James, ed.,Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963(New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 7:7710.
11. A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, NSC-68 (April 14, 1950), 7.
12. John Foster Dulles, “Foundations of Peace” (address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, New York, August 18, 1958).
13. George H. W. Bush faced a similar issue after Saddam Hussein’s forces had been expelled from Kuwait in 1991.
14. Shen Zhihua,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s, trans. Neil Silver (London: Routledge, 2012), 140.
15. Chen Jian,China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 149–50. On the Chinese leadership’s analysis of the war and its regional implications, see also Sergei N. Gon插rov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993); Henry Kissinger,On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 插p. 5; Shen,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War;and Shu Guang Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
16. See 插pter 5.
17. General Omar N. Bradley, 插irman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testimony before the Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, May 15, 1951, inMilitary Situation in the Far East, hearings, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., pt. 2, 732 (1951).
18. See Peter Braestrup,Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977); Robert Elegant, “How to Lose a War: The Press and Viet Nam,”Encounter (London), August 1981, 73–90; Guenter Lewy,America in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 272–79, 311–24.
19. “An Interview with the President: The Jury Is Out,”Time, January 3, 1972.
20. Ri插rd Nixon, U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace: A Report to the Congress, by Ri插rd Nixon, President of the United States, February 25, 1971, 107. 直到這個時候，美國政府文件一直把中國稱為“共產黨中國”或泛稱為北京或北平（國民黨給這個城市的名稱）當局。
21. Ri插rd Nixon, Remarks to Midwestern News Media Executives Attending a Briefing on Domestic Policy in Kansas City, Missouri, July 6, 1971, inPublic Papers of the Presidents, 805–6.
22. See Kissinger,On China,插p. 9.
23. Ri插rd Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1973, inMy Fellow Americans,333.
24. Ri插rd Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace, 10.
25. Ri插rd Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: A New Strategy for Peace,February 18, 1970, 9.
26. Ri插rd Nixon, U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Shaping a Durable Peace,May 3, 1973, 232–33.
27. Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the American People, January 11, 1989, inIn the Words of Ronald Reagan: The Wit, Wisdom, and Eternal Optimism of America’s 40th President,ed Mi插el Reagan (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2004), 34.
28. Ronald Reagan,An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 592.
29. Lou Cannon,President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 792.
30. Ronald Reagan, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union, January 25, 1984, inThe Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan,Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.