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44. Woodrow Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inU.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy from 1789 to the Present, ed. Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 396.
45. “Peace Without Victory,” January 22, 1917, in supplement toAmerican Journal of International Law 11 (1917): 323.
46. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, and Other History, Making Documents (Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917), 17–18.
47. Woodrow Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 7443 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 41.
48. Woodrow Wilson, “An Address at Mount Vernon,” July 4, 1918, in Link,Papers, 48:516.
49. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
50. Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, in The Foreign Policy of President Woodrow Wilson: Messages, Addresses and Papers,ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918), 306.
51. Ibid. See also Berg, Wilson, 472–73.
52. Woodrow Wilson, Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Link,Papers, 59:608–9.
53. Lloyd George, Wilson memorandum, March 25, 1919, in Ray Stannard Baker, ed.,Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922), 2:450. For a conference participant’s account of the sometimes less than idealistic process by which the new national borders were drawn, see Harold Nicolson,Peacemaking, 1919 (1933; London: Faber & Faber, 2009). For a contemporary analysis, see Margaret MacMillan,Paris 1919: Six Months That 插nged the World(New York: Random House, 2002).
54. Address, January 22, 1917, in Link,Papers, 40:536–37.
55. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
56. Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18. See also Berg, Wilson, 469–72.
57. 一般情況下，在主要大國力量沒有直接捲入的地區，當它們都認為有必要監控有關國家之間協議的落實情況時，聯合國提供了有益的維和機制。聯合國比國聯強得多，履行了許多重要職能：為處於困難中的外交接觸提供論壇，完成了幾次重大的維和行動，推出了許多人道主義舉措。這些國際機制未能做到也不可能完成的是：當大國有分歧的時候，它們無法參與判斷哪一項具體行為構成了侵略，無法決定採取什麼方式抵制侵略。
58. “Differences Between the North Atlantic Treaty and Traditional Military Alliances,” appendix to the testimony of Ambassador Warren Austin, April 28, 1949, in U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations,The North Atlantic Treaty, hearings, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949), pt. I.
59. Roosevelt to James Bryce, November 19, 1918, inThe Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morrison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), 8:1400.
60. 為了鎮壓對義大利殖民擴張的抵抗，1935年，墨索里尼下令義大利軍隊入侵了今天的衣索比亞。儘管國際上齊聲譴責，國聯也沒有採取集體安全措施。通過不加區分地轟炸和使用毒氣，義大利占領了阿比西尼亞。這個新生的國際共同體既沒有有效地應對日本帝國入侵中國東北地區，也沒有對這次義大利的侵略採取行動，導致國聯名存實亡。
61. 美國與他國達成的規定放棄戰爭作為國家政策的條約，1928年8月27日於巴黎簽署，1929年1月16日參議院建議批准，1929年1月17日由總統批准。批准書於1929年3月2日分別存放於美國（華盛頓）、澳大利亞、加拿大自治領、捷克斯洛伐克、德國、英國、印度、愛爾蘭自由邦、義大利、紐西蘭和南非聯邦，1929年3月26日存放于波蘭，1929年3月27日存放於比利時，1929年4月22日存放於法國，1929年7月24日存放於日本，1929年7月24日宣布生效。
62. See Peter Clarke,The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009).
63. Radio Address at Dinner of Foreign Policy Association, New York, October 21, 1944, inPresidential Profiles: The FDR Yearsed. William D. Peterson (New York: Facts on File, 2006), 429.
64. Fourth Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, inMy Fellow Americans: Presidential Inaugural Addresses from George Washington to Barack Obama(St. Petersburg, Fla.: Red and Black Publishers, 2009).
65. William C. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,”Life, August 30, 1948, as quoted in Arnold Beichman, “Roosevelt’s Failure at Yalta,”Humanitas 16, no. 1 (2003): 104.
66. 羅斯福一抵達德黑蘭，史達林就宣稱蘇聯情報部門發現了納粹的陰謀，企圖在峰會上一起暗殺邱吉爾、羅斯福和史達林，代號“遠跳”。美國代表團成員對蘇聯的報告深表懷疑。 Keith Eubank, Summit at Teheran: The Untold Story (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 188–96.
67. As quoted in T. A. Taracouzio,War and Peace in Soviet Diplomacy (New York: Macmillan, 1940), 139–40.
68. 插rles Bohlen,Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 211. See also Beichman, “Roosevelt’s Failure at Yalta,” 210–11.
69. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 插mpion of Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003). 雖然我傾向於布萊克的解釋，但羅斯福也可以稱得上是“斯芬克斯”，不會給出明確的答案。溫斯頓·邱吉爾概括起來比較容易。戰爭期間，他曾若有所思地說，如果他能每周在克里姆林宮吃一頓飯，一切都會好起來的。隨著“二戰”接近結束，他命令參謀長準備與蘇聯開戰。
45. “Peace Without Victory,” January 22, 1917, in supplement toAmerican Journal of International Law 11 (1917): 323.
46. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917, inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, and Other History, Making Documents (Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917), 17–18.
47. Woodrow Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 7443 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 41.
48. Woodrow Wilson, “An Address at Mount Vernon,” July 4, 1918, in Link,Papers, 48:516.
49. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
50. Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, in The Foreign Policy of President Woodrow Wilson: Messages, Addresses and Papers,ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918), 306.
51. Ibid. See also Berg, Wilson, 472–73.
52. Woodrow Wilson, Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Link,Papers, 59:608–9.
53. Lloyd George, Wilson memorandum, March 25, 1919, in Ray Stannard Baker, ed.,Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922), 2:450. For a conference participant’s account of the sometimes less than idealistic process by which the new national borders were drawn, see Harold Nicolson,Peacemaking, 1919 (1933; London: Faber & Faber, 2009). For a contemporary analysis, see Margaret MacMillan,Paris 1919: Six Months That 插nged the World(New York: Random House, 2002).
54. Address, January 22, 1917, in Link,Papers, 40:536–37.
55. Wilson, Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,President Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18.
56. Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), inPresident Wilson’s Great Speeches, 18. See also Berg, Wilson, 469–72.
57. 一般情況下，在主要大國力量沒有直接捲入的地區，當它們都認為有必要監控有關國家之間協議的落實情況時，聯合國提供了有益的維和機制。聯合國比國聯強得多，履行了許多重要職能：為處於困難中的外交接觸提供論壇，完成了幾次重大的維和行動，推出了許多人道主義舉措。這些國際機制未能做到也不可能完成的是：當大國有分歧的時候，它們無法參與判斷哪一項具體行為構成了侵略，無法決定採取什麼方式抵制侵略。
58. “Differences Between the North Atlantic Treaty and Traditional Military Alliances,” appendix to the testimony of Ambassador Warren Austin, April 28, 1949, in U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations,The North Atlantic Treaty, hearings, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949), pt. I.
59. Roosevelt to James Bryce, November 19, 1918, inThe Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morrison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), 8:1400.
60. 為了鎮壓對義大利殖民擴張的抵抗，1935年，墨索里尼下令義大利軍隊入侵了今天的衣索比亞。儘管國際上齊聲譴責，國聯也沒有採取集體安全措施。通過不加區分地轟炸和使用毒氣，義大利占領了阿比西尼亞。這個新生的國際共同體既沒有有效地應對日本帝國入侵中國東北地區，也沒有對這次義大利的侵略採取行動，導致國聯名存實亡。
61. 美國與他國達成的規定放棄戰爭作為國家政策的條約，1928年8月27日於巴黎簽署，1929年1月16日參議院建議批准，1929年1月17日由總統批准。批准書於1929年3月2日分別存放於美國（華盛頓）、澳大利亞、加拿大自治領、捷克斯洛伐克、德國、英國、印度、愛爾蘭自由邦、義大利、紐西蘭和南非聯邦，1929年3月26日存放于波蘭，1929年3月27日存放於比利時，1929年4月22日存放於法國，1929年7月24日存放於日本，1929年7月24日宣布生效。
62. See Peter Clarke,The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009).
63. Radio Address at Dinner of Foreign Policy Association, New York, October 21, 1944, inPresidential Profiles: The FDR Yearsed. William D. Peterson (New York: Facts on File, 2006), 429.
64. Fourth Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, inMy Fellow Americans: Presidential Inaugural Addresses from George Washington to Barack Obama(St. Petersburg, Fla.: Red and Black Publishers, 2009).
65. William C. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,”Life, August 30, 1948, as quoted in Arnold Beichman, “Roosevelt’s Failure at Yalta,”Humanitas 16, no. 1 (2003): 104.
66. 羅斯福一抵達德黑蘭，史達林就宣稱蘇聯情報部門發現了納粹的陰謀，企圖在峰會上一起暗殺邱吉爾、羅斯福和史達林，代號“遠跳”。美國代表團成員對蘇聯的報告深表懷疑。 Keith Eubank, Summit at Teheran: The Untold Story (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 188–96.
67. As quoted in T. A. Taracouzio,War and Peace in Soviet Diplomacy (New York: Macmillan, 1940), 139–40.
68. 插rles Bohlen,Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 211. See also Beichman, “Roosevelt’s Failure at Yalta,” 210–11.
69. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 插mpion of Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003). 雖然我傾向於布萊克的解釋，但羅斯福也可以稱得上是“斯芬克斯”，不會給出明確的答案。溫斯頓·邱吉爾概括起來比較容易。戰爭期間，他曾若有所思地說，如果他能每周在克里姆林宮吃一頓飯，一切都會好起來的。隨著“二戰”接近結束，他命令參謀長準備與蘇聯開戰。