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9. John O’Sullivan, “Annexation,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review,July–August 1845, 5.
10. John Quincy Adams, “An Address Delivered at the Request of the Committee of Citizens of Washington, 4 July 1821” (Washington, D.C.: Davis and Force, 1821), 28–29.
11. Ibid.
12. “從東往西遷移”從理論上講，是指世界統治權的轉移，即最高政治權力寶座的時空變化：從巴比倫和波斯到希臘，到羅馬，到法國或德國，再到英國和（摩爾斯設想的）美國。喬治·伯克萊（George Berkeley）在“關於美洲藝術和學識前景的詩歌”中就有如下著名的詩句：
帝國走向西行之路；前四節已經落幕，第五節是大戲的終點，最後往往是關鍵一步。13. Jedidiah Morse,The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America,2nd ed. (London: John Stockdale, 1792), 468–69, as excerpted inManifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Amy S. Greenberg (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012),
14. John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review, November 1839, 426–27.
15. O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” 9–10.
16. See Amanda Foreman,A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War(New York:Random House, 2011); Howard Jones,Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (插pel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
17. Foreman, World on Fire, 784. 美國武裝部隊人員從南北戰爭結束時的1 034 064人下降到 18個月後的正規軍 54 302人、志願軍11 000人。
18. Fareed Zakaria,From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 47.
19. Grover Cleveland, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1885, inThe Public Papers of Grover Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 8.
20. Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan,American Foreign Policy: A History (Le性ton, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1977), 189.
21. Theodore Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1905, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 484 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 559.
22. Theodore Roosevelt, “International Peace,” Nobel lecture, May 5, 1910, inPeace: 1901–1925: Nobel Lectures (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1999), 106.
23. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1902, quoted in John Morton Blum,The Republican Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 137.
24. Roosevelt to Spring Rice, December 21, 1907, inThe Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. H. W. Brands (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 465.
25. Theodore Roosevelt, review ofThe Influence of Sea Power upon History, by Alfred Thayer Mahan,Atlantic Monthly, October 1890.
26. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” in The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses (New York: Century, 1905), 9.
27. 當德國和英國戰艦1902年向長期負債纍纍的委內瑞拉行進，準備強制收回一筆早就逾期的貸款時，羅斯福要求兩國保證不得以追債方式尋求領土和政治擴張。但德國代表只承諾放棄“永久性”占有領土（留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能，如英國在埃及以及英國、德國在中國所做的那樣），羅斯福於是威脅發動戰爭。他隨即派一支美國艦隊揮師南下，並把委內瑞拉海港的地圖發放給媒體。這一策略奏效了。羅斯福保持沉默，好讓威廉皇帝保全面子，退出這場危機。這個時候，德意志帝國在委內瑞拉的野心遭到了決定性重創。See Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 176–82.
28. Theodore Roosevelt’s Annual Message to Congress for 1904, HR 58A-K2, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, RG 233, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives.
29. Ibid.
30. 為展示美國的力量，羅斯福本人親自前往視察運河區建設工程，這是美國在任總統第一次離開美國本土。
31. Morris,Theodore Rex, 389.
32. Ibid., 397.
33. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1904, quoted in Blum,Republican Roosevelt, 134.
34. Morris,Theodore Rex, 495.
35. Letter to Kermit Roosevelt, April 19, 1908, in Brands,Selected Letters, 482–83.
36. Roosevelt to Admiral 插rles S. Sperry, March 21, 1908, in ibid., 479.
37. Roosevelt to Hugo Munsterberg, October 3, 1914, in ibid., 823.
38. See James R. Holmes,Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations(Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007), 10–13, 68–74.
39. Roosevelt, “International Peace,” 103.
40. Roosevelt to Carnegie, August 6, 1906, in Brands,Selected Letters, 423.
41. Woodrow Wilson, Commencement Address at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point (June 13, 1916), inPapers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 37:212.
42. Woodrow, Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), as quoted in A. Scott Berg,Wilson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013), 471.
43. 總體而言，美國先後與玻利維亞、巴西、智利、中國、哥斯大黎加、丹麥、厄瓜多、法國、英國、瓜地馬拉、宏都拉斯、義大利、挪威、巴拉圭、秘魯、葡萄牙、俄國和西班牙籤訂了這種仲裁協定。它還開始與瑞典、烏拉圭、阿根廷、多米尼加、希臘、荷蘭、尼加拉瓜、巴拿馬、波斯（即現在的伊朗）、薩爾瓦多、瑞士和委內瑞拉開始簽約談判。Treaties forthe Advancement of Peace Between the United States and Other Powers Negotiated by the Honorable William J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States, with an Introduction by James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1920).
10. John Quincy Adams, “An Address Delivered at the Request of the Committee of Citizens of Washington, 4 July 1821” (Washington, D.C.: Davis and Force, 1821), 28–29.
11. Ibid.
12. “從東往西遷移”從理論上講，是指世界統治權的轉移，即最高政治權力寶座的時空變化：從巴比倫和波斯到希臘，到羅馬，到法國或德國，再到英國和（摩爾斯設想的）美國。喬治·伯克萊（George Berkeley）在“關於美洲藝術和學識前景的詩歌”中就有如下著名的詩句：
帝國走向西行之路；前四節已經落幕，第五節是大戲的終點，最後往往是關鍵一步。13. Jedidiah Morse,The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America,2nd ed. (London: John Stockdale, 1792), 468–69, as excerpted inManifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Amy S. Greenberg (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012),
14. John O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,”United States Magazine and Democratic Review, November 1839, 426–27.
15. O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” 9–10.
16. See Amanda Foreman,A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War(New York:Random House, 2011); Howard Jones,Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (插pel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
17. Foreman, World on Fire, 784. 美國武裝部隊人員從南北戰爭結束時的1 034 064人下降到 18個月後的正規軍 54 302人、志願軍11 000人。
18. Fareed Zakaria,From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 47.
19. Grover Cleveland, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1885, inThe Public Papers of Grover Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 8.
20. Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, and Kenneth J. Hagan,American Foreign Policy: A History (Le性ton, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1977), 189.
21. Theodore Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1905, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set 484 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 559.
22. Theodore Roosevelt, “International Peace,” Nobel lecture, May 5, 1910, inPeace: 1901–1925: Nobel Lectures (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1999), 106.
23. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1902, quoted in John Morton Blum,The Republican Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 137.
24. Roosevelt to Spring Rice, December 21, 1907, inThe Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. H. W. Brands (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 465.
25. Theodore Roosevelt, review ofThe Influence of Sea Power upon History, by Alfred Thayer Mahan,Atlantic Monthly, October 1890.
26. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” in The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses (New York: Century, 1905), 9.
27. 當德國和英國戰艦1902年向長期負債纍纍的委內瑞拉行進，準備強制收回一筆早就逾期的貸款時，羅斯福要求兩國保證不得以追債方式尋求領土和政治擴張。但德國代表只承諾放棄“永久性”占有領土（留下了建立期限99年的租界的可能，如英國在埃及以及英國、德國在中國所做的那樣），羅斯福於是威脅發動戰爭。他隨即派一支美國艦隊揮師南下，並把委內瑞拉海港的地圖發放給媒體。這一策略奏效了。羅斯福保持沉默，好讓威廉皇帝保全面子，退出這場危機。這個時候，德意志帝國在委內瑞拉的野心遭到了決定性重創。See Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 176–82.
28. Theodore Roosevelt’s Annual Message to Congress for 1904, HR 58A-K2, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, RG 233, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives.
29. Ibid.
30. 為展示美國的力量，羅斯福本人親自前往視察運河區建設工程，這是美國在任總統第一次離開美國本土。
31. Morris,Theodore Rex, 389.
32. Ibid., 397.
33. Roosevelt’s statement to Congress, 1904, quoted in Blum,Republican Roosevelt, 134.
34. Morris,Theodore Rex, 495.
35. Letter to Kermit Roosevelt, April 19, 1908, in Brands,Selected Letters, 482–83.
36. Roosevelt to Admiral 插rles S. Sperry, March 21, 1908, in ibid., 479.
37. Roosevelt to Hugo Munsterberg, October 3, 1914, in ibid., 823.
38. See James R. Holmes,Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations(Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007), 10–13, 68–74.
39. Roosevelt, “International Peace,” 103.
40. Roosevelt to Carnegie, August 6, 1906, in Brands,Selected Letters, 423.
41. Woodrow Wilson, Commencement Address at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point (June 13, 1916), inPapers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 37:212.
42. Woodrow, Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (“Fourteen Points”), as quoted in A. Scott Berg,Wilson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013), 471.
43. 總體而言，美國先後與玻利維亞、巴西、智利、中國、哥斯大黎加、丹麥、厄瓜多、法國、英國、瓜地馬拉、宏都拉斯、義大利、挪威、巴拉圭、秘魯、葡萄牙、俄國和西班牙籤訂了這種仲裁協定。它還開始與瑞典、烏拉圭、阿根廷、多米尼加、希臘、荷蘭、尼加拉瓜、巴拿馬、波斯（即現在的伊朗）、薩爾瓦多、瑞士和委內瑞拉開始簽約談判。Treaties forthe Advancement of Peace Between the United States and Other Powers Negotiated by the Honorable William J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States, with an Introduction by James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford University Press, 1920).