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34. Metternich,Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, 1:33, 8:184.
35. Algernon Cecil,Metternich, 1773–1859 (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1947), 52.
36. Metternich,Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, 1:334.
37.Briefwechsel des Generals Leopold von Gerlach mit dem Bundestags-Gesandten Otto von Bismarck(Berlin, 1893), 334.
38. Ibid. (February 20, 1854), 130.
39. Horst Kohl,Die politischen Reden des Fursten Bismarck (Stuttgart, 1892), 264.
40. Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke (November 14, 1833), vol. 14,nos. 1, 3.
41. Ibid. (September 29, 1851), 1:62.
42. Speech of February 9, 1871, in Hansard,Parliamentary Debates,ser. 3, vol. 204 (February–March 1871), 82.
43. 與此形成鮮明對照的是，為普魯士贏得統一德國的戰爭的戰略家老毛奇當時曾計劃在兩條戰線上採取守勢。
44. For stimulating accounts of these developments, see Christopher Clark,The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: HarperCollins, 2013) and Margaret MacMillan,The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (New York: Random House, 2013).
45. See John Maynard Keynes,The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 插pter 5.
46. See 插pters 6 and 7.
第三章 伊斯蘭主義和中東：世界亂局
1. Adda B. Bozeman, “Iran: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tradition of Persian Statecraft,”Orbis 23, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 397.
2. See Hugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam 插nged the World We Live In(London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson,2007), 34–40.
3. Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests, 113.
4. See generally Marshall G. S. Hodgson,The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1,The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
5. Majid Khadduri,The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 13.
6. Majid Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), 56. See also Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests,48–51; Bernard Lewis,The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 233–38.
7. 民主制和人權推動了人們為實現全球變革採取行動。在此意義上，事實證明它們的內涵和適用性比跟在軍隊後面迫使他人皈依的宗教教義更靈活。畢竟不同國家人民的民主意願可以帶來極其不同的結果。
8. Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul,International Treaties (Mu had t)in Islam: Theory and Practice in the Light of Islamic International Law(Siyar)According to Orthodox Schools (Lanham,Md.: University Press of America,2008), 117.
9. Khadduri,Islamic Law of Nations, 12.See also Bsoul,International Treaties,108–9.
10. See James Piscatori, “Islam in the International Order,” inThe Expansion of International Society, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 318–19; Lewis,Middle East, 305; Olivier Roy,Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 112 (on contemporary Islamist views); Efraim Karsh,Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 230–31. But see Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam, 156–57 (on the traditional conditions under which territory captured by non-Muslims might revert to being part ofdar al-harb).
11. An analysis of this schism and its modern implications may be found in Vali Nasr,The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
12. Brendan Simms,Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 9–10; Black,History of Islamic Political Thought, 206–7.
13. 在英語裡它們被誤稱為“降書”，不是因為奧斯曼帝國在任何一點上“屈從了”，而是因為這些文件被分為章節或條款（拉丁文是capitula）。
14. 1526年2月，蘇萊曼答覆法國的弗朗西斯。Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1944), 130. See also Halil Inalcik, “The Turkish Impact on the Development of Modern Europe,” in The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), 51–53; Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (New York: Penguin Books, 1955), 152.大約500年後，在一段雙邊關係緊張時期，土耳其總理埃爾多安出於禮節送給法國總統薩科齊一份這封信的複印件，但抱怨說：“我覺得他沒看這封信。”Today’s Zaman, December 23, 2011.
15. 1853年，據說俄國沙皇尼古拉一世告訴英國大使：“我們手上有一個病夫，一個病得很重的人。如果有一天他從我們手中溜走了，尤其是在尚未做出必要安排之前，那可就麻煩大了。”Harold Temperley, England and the Near East (London: Longmans, Green,1936), 272.
16. Sultan Mehmed-Rashad,“Proclamation,” and Sheik-ulIslam, “Fetva,” inSource Records of the Great War, ed. 插rles F. Horne and Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1930), 2:398–401. See also Hew Stra插n,The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100–101.
17. Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, November 2, 1917, in Malcolm Yapp,The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 (Harlow: Longmans, Green), 290.
18. See Erez Manela,The Wilsonian Moment:Self- Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism,1917–1920(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
35. Algernon Cecil,Metternich, 1773–1859 (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1947), 52.
36. Metternich,Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, 1:334.
37.Briefwechsel des Generals Leopold von Gerlach mit dem Bundestags-Gesandten Otto von Bismarck(Berlin, 1893), 334.
38. Ibid. (February 20, 1854), 130.
39. Horst Kohl,Die politischen Reden des Fursten Bismarck (Stuttgart, 1892), 264.
40. Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke (November 14, 1833), vol. 14,nos. 1, 3.
41. Ibid. (September 29, 1851), 1:62.
42. Speech of February 9, 1871, in Hansard,Parliamentary Debates,ser. 3, vol. 204 (February–March 1871), 82.
43. 與此形成鮮明對照的是，為普魯士贏得統一德國的戰爭的戰略家老毛奇當時曾計劃在兩條戰線上採取守勢。
44. For stimulating accounts of these developments, see Christopher Clark,The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: HarperCollins, 2013) and Margaret MacMillan,The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (New York: Random House, 2013).
45. See John Maynard Keynes,The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 插pter 5.
46. See 插pters 6 and 7.
第三章 伊斯蘭主義和中東：世界亂局
1. Adda B. Bozeman, “Iran: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tradition of Persian Statecraft,”Orbis 23, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 397.
2. See Hugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam 插nged the World We Live In(London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson,2007), 34–40.
3. Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests, 113.
4. See generally Marshall G. S. Hodgson,The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1,The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
5. Majid Khadduri,The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 13.
6. Majid Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), 56. See also Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests,48–51; Bernard Lewis,The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 233–38.
7. 民主制和人權推動了人們為實現全球變革採取行動。在此意義上，事實證明它們的內涵和適用性比跟在軍隊後面迫使他人皈依的宗教教義更靈活。畢竟不同國家人民的民主意願可以帶來極其不同的結果。
8. Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul,International Treaties (Mu had t)in Islam: Theory and Practice in the Light of Islamic International Law(Siyar)According to Orthodox Schools (Lanham,Md.: University Press of America,2008), 117.
9. Khadduri,Islamic Law of Nations, 12.See also Bsoul,International Treaties,108–9.
10. See James Piscatori, “Islam in the International Order,” inThe Expansion of International Society, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 318–19; Lewis,Middle East, 305; Olivier Roy,Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 112 (on contemporary Islamist views); Efraim Karsh,Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 230–31. But see Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam, 156–57 (on the traditional conditions under which territory captured by non-Muslims might revert to being part ofdar al-harb).
11. An analysis of this schism and its modern implications may be found in Vali Nasr,The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
12. Brendan Simms,Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 9–10; Black,History of Islamic Political Thought, 206–7.
13. 在英語裡它們被誤稱為“降書”，不是因為奧斯曼帝國在任何一點上“屈從了”，而是因為這些文件被分為章節或條款（拉丁文是capitula）。
14. 1526年2月，蘇萊曼答覆法國的弗朗西斯。Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1944), 130. See also Halil Inalcik, “The Turkish Impact on the Development of Modern Europe,” in The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), 51–53; Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (New York: Penguin Books, 1955), 152.大約500年後，在一段雙邊關係緊張時期，土耳其總理埃爾多安出於禮節送給法國總統薩科齊一份這封信的複印件，但抱怨說：“我覺得他沒看這封信。”Today’s Zaman, December 23, 2011.
15. 1853年，據說俄國沙皇尼古拉一世告訴英國大使：“我們手上有一個病夫，一個病得很重的人。如果有一天他從我們手中溜走了，尤其是在尚未做出必要安排之前，那可就麻煩大了。”Harold Temperley, England and the Near East (London: Longmans, Green,1936), 272.
16. Sultan Mehmed-Rashad,“Proclamation,” and Sheik-ulIslam, “Fetva,” inSource Records of the Great War, ed. 插rles F. Horne and Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1930), 2:398–401. See also Hew Stra插n,The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100–101.
17. Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, November 2, 1917, in Malcolm Yapp,The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 (Harlow: Longmans, Green), 290.
18. See Erez Manela,The Wilsonian Moment:Self- Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism,1917–1920(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).