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3. Vasili O. Kliuchevsky,A Course in Russian History: The Seventeenth Century (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 366. See also Hosking,Russia, 4.
4. John P. LeDonne,The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 348.
5. Henry Adams,The Education of Henry Adams (1907; New York: Modern Library, 1931), 439.
6. Orlando Figes,Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Picador, 2002), 376–77.
7. 1864年俄國軍隊開進今天的烏茲別克斯坦時，外交大臣戈爾恰科夫把俄國的擴張定義為完全靠自身力量驅動的平定周邊地區的一項永久性的義務：
國家（俄國）因此必須做出一項抉擇：要麼放棄這一不間斷的努力，從而導致邊界地區動亂不已，難以實現繁榮、安全和文化進步；要麼不斷向荒蠻之地縱深挺進，每向前走一步，長途跋涉造成的困難就會增大一分，這不是出於野心，而是出於緊迫的需要。最難的是不需要再往前走。
George Verdansky, ed., A Source Book for Russian History: From Early Times to 1917(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 3:610.
8. Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar, 230. 現代學者對此仍在進行研究。 See, for example, 插rles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1985); Paul Harrison Silfen, The Influence of the Mongols on Russia: A Dimensional History (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press,1974).
9. 彼得大帝事必躬親的霸氣作風令西歐國家感到驚奇。他在荷蘭時去碼頭當木匠，在倫敦時拆卸鐘錶，再把它們修好。他還嘗試牙科醫學和解剖學領域裡的新成果，令他的隨從提心弔膽。See Virginia Cowles, The Romanovs (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 33–37; Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), 188–89, 208.
10. B. H. Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 45.
11. Cowles,Romanovs, 26–28; Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia, 27; Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 4–6.
12. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instruction) to the Legislative Commission of 1767–68, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 80.
13. Maria Lipman, Lev Gudkov, Lasha Bakradze, and Thomas de Waal, The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013) （對當代俄羅斯人的民意調查顯示，47%的人接受以下說法：“史達林是一位睿智的領導人，他使蘇聯繁榮強大。”30%的俄羅斯人認同以下說法：“我國人民永遠需要一位像史達林一樣的領導人。他將現身恢復秩序。”）
14. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instruction) to the Legislative Commission of 1767–68, 80.
15. Nikolai Karamzin on Czar Alexander I, as quoted in W. Bruce Lincoln,The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 489.
16. Halperin,Russia and the Golden Horde,126.
17. Fyodor Dostoevsky,A Writer’s Diary (1881), as quoted in Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 308.
18. Pyotr 插adaev, “Philosophical Letter” (1829, published 1836), as quoted in Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 132, and
Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 251. 恰達耶夫的評論因一針見血而廣為流傳，儘管當局馬上查封此文，宣布作者有神經病，並把他置於警察監視之下。
19. Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, May 24, 1882, editorial inMoskovskie vedomosti (Moscow News), as excerpted in Verdansky,A Source Book for Russian History, 3:676.
20. Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 150.
21. Lincoln, The Romanovs, 404–5.
22. Ibid., 405.
23. Wilhelm Schwarz,Die Heilige Allianz (Stuttgart, 1935), 52.
24. 指1954年聯邦德國決定加入大西洋聯盟。它曾與今天新結成的夥伴打了一場殘酷的戰爭，聯邦德國做出的這一決定距它在戰爭結束時宣布無條件投降還不到10年。
25. Klemens von Metternich,Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, ed. Alfons v. Klinkowstroem (Vienna, 1881), 1:316.
26. Palmerston’s dispatch no. 6 to the Marquess of Clanricarde (ambassador in St. Petersburg), January 11, 1841, inThe Foreign Policy of Victorian England, ed. Kenneth Bourne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 252–53.
27. See Isaiah Berlin,Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking,1976), 158, 204.
28. Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: Perennial, 2000), 482.
29. Sir Lewis Namier,Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812–1918 (NewYork: Penguin Books, 1958), 203.
30. Otto von Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1924), 1: 375.
31. The battle was memorialized in classic literature on both sides, including Alfred Tennyson’s “插rge of the Light Brigade” and Leo Tolstoy’sTales of Sevastopol. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 336–39.
32.Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1891),266. Metternich left office in 1848.
33. Heinrich Sbrik,Metternich, der Staatsmann und der Mensch, 2 vols. (Munich, 1925), 1:354, as cited in Henry A. Kissinger, “The Conservative Dilemma: Reflections on the Political Thought of Metternich,”American Political Science Review 48, no. 4 (December 1954): 1027.
4. John P. LeDonne,The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 348.
5. Henry Adams,The Education of Henry Adams (1907; New York: Modern Library, 1931), 439.
6. Orlando Figes,Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Picador, 2002), 376–77.
7. 1864年俄國軍隊開進今天的烏茲別克斯坦時，外交大臣戈爾恰科夫把俄國的擴張定義為完全靠自身力量驅動的平定周邊地區的一項永久性的義務：
國家（俄國）因此必須做出一項抉擇：要麼放棄這一不間斷的努力，從而導致邊界地區動亂不已，難以實現繁榮、安全和文化進步；要麼不斷向荒蠻之地縱深挺進，每向前走一步，長途跋涉造成的困難就會增大一分，這不是出於野心，而是出於緊迫的需要。最難的是不需要再往前走。
George Verdansky, ed., A Source Book for Russian History: From Early Times to 1917(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 3:610.
8. Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar, 230. 現代學者對此仍在進行研究。 See, for example, 插rles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1985); Paul Harrison Silfen, The Influence of the Mongols on Russia: A Dimensional History (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press,1974).
9. 彼得大帝事必躬親的霸氣作風令西歐國家感到驚奇。他在荷蘭時去碼頭當木匠，在倫敦時拆卸鐘錶，再把它們修好。他還嘗試牙科醫學和解剖學領域裡的新成果，令他的隨從提心弔膽。See Virginia Cowles, The Romanovs (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 33–37; Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), 188–89, 208.
10. B. H. Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 45.
11. Cowles,Romanovs, 26–28; Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia, 27; Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 4–6.
12. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instruction) to the Legislative Commission of 1767–68, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 80.
13. Maria Lipman, Lev Gudkov, Lasha Bakradze, and Thomas de Waal, The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013) （對當代俄羅斯人的民意調查顯示，47%的人接受以下說法：“史達林是一位睿智的領導人，他使蘇聯繁榮強大。”30%的俄羅斯人認同以下說法：“我國人民永遠需要一位像史達林一樣的領導人。他將現身恢復秩序。”）
14. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instruction) to the Legislative Commission of 1767–68, 80.
15. Nikolai Karamzin on Czar Alexander I, as quoted in W. Bruce Lincoln,The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 489.
16. Halperin,Russia and the Golden Horde,126.
17. Fyodor Dostoevsky,A Writer’s Diary (1881), as quoted in Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 308.
18. Pyotr 插adaev, “Philosophical Letter” (1829, published 1836), as quoted in Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 132, and
Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 251. 恰達耶夫的評論因一針見血而廣為流傳，儘管當局馬上查封此文，宣布作者有神經病，並把他置於警察監視之下。
19. Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, May 24, 1882, editorial inMoskovskie vedomosti (Moscow News), as excerpted in Verdansky,A Source Book for Russian History, 3:676.
20. Figes,Natasha’s Dance, 150.
21. Lincoln, The Romanovs, 404–5.
22. Ibid., 405.
23. Wilhelm Schwarz,Die Heilige Allianz (Stuttgart, 1935), 52.
24. 指1954年聯邦德國決定加入大西洋聯盟。它曾與今天新結成的夥伴打了一場殘酷的戰爭，聯邦德國做出的這一決定距它在戰爭結束時宣布無條件投降還不到10年。
25. Klemens von Metternich,Aus Metternich’s nachgelassenen Papieren, ed. Alfons v. Klinkowstroem (Vienna, 1881), 1:316.
26. Palmerston’s dispatch no. 6 to the Marquess of Clanricarde (ambassador in St. Petersburg), January 11, 1841, inThe Foreign Policy of Victorian England, ed. Kenneth Bourne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 252–53.
27. See Isaiah Berlin,Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking,1976), 158, 204.
28. Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: Perennial, 2000), 482.
29. Sir Lewis Namier,Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812–1918 (NewYork: Penguin Books, 1958), 203.
30. Otto von Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1924), 1: 375.
31. The battle was memorialized in classic literature on both sides, including Alfred Tennyson’s “插rge of the Light Brigade” and Leo Tolstoy’sTales of Sevastopol. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 336–39.
32.Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1891),266. Metternich left office in 1848.
33. Heinrich Sbrik,Metternich, der Staatsmann und der Mensch, 2 vols. (Munich, 1925), 1:354, as cited in Henry A. Kissinger, “The Conservative Dilemma: Reflections on the Political Thought of Metternich,”American Political Science Review 48, no. 4 (December 1954): 1027.