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  6. 見第三章。

  7. See Edgar Sanderson, J. P. Lamberton, and John McGovern, Six Thousand Years of History, vol. 7, Famous Foreign Statesmen (Philadelphia: E. R. DuMont, 1900),246–50; Reston, Defenders of the Faith, 384–89. 對日後桀驁不馴、對普世訴求存有戒心的歐洲而言,查理大帝的統治更像盛氣凌人的威脅,而不是他幾乎實現了人民期待的統一。正如18世紀啟蒙運動的重要人物、蘇格蘭哲學家大衛·休謨所說,“查理大帝將眾多王國和公國置於統一管理之下,使人類再次感到了單一君主統治世界的威脅。”David Hume, “On the Balance of Power,” in Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1742), 2.7.13.

  8. See Jerry Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps (London: Penguin Books, 2013), 82–113 (discussion of the Hereford Mappa Mundi, ca. 1300); 4 Ezra 6:42; Dante Alighieri,The Divine Comedy, trans. Allen Mandelbaum (London: Bantam, 1982), 342; and Osip Mandelstam, “Conversation About Dante,” inThe Poet’s Dante, ed. Peter S. Hawkins and Rachel Jacoff (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 67.

  9. 黎塞留自己有一位“灰衣主教”,即他的心腹謀士弗朗索瓦·勒克萊爾·德·特朗布萊。他因身披嘉布遣會約瑟夫神甫的袍子而被人稱為黎塞留的“灰衣主教”。此後,在外交史上,這一稱號被用來指幕後的權勢人物。Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941).

  10. See, for example, Niccolò Machiavelli,The Art of War (1521),Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy (1531),The Prince (1532).

  11. Joseph Strayer, Hans Gatzke, and E. Harris Harbison,

  The Mainstream of Civilization Since 1500(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 420.

  12. Richelieu, “Advis donné au roy sur le sujet de la bataille de Nordlingen,” inThe Thirty Years War: A Documentary History, ed. and trans, Tryntje Helfferich (Indianapolis: Hackett,2009), 151.

  13. Peter H. Wilson,The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 673.

  14. 大多數代表都是帶著非常實際的指示來參加會議的。Ibid., 676.

  15.Instrumentum pacis Osnabrugensis (1648)andInstrumentum pacis Monsteriensis (1648), in Helfferich,Thirty Years War, 255, 271.

  16. Wilson,Thirty Years War, 672.

  17. 這些倡導寬容的正式條文只適用於三個得到承認的基督教教派:天主教派、路德教派和加爾文教派。

  18. 巴麥尊對下院的演講,1848年3月1日。奧蘭治的威廉親王也表達了同樣的思想。他為反對法國稱霸企圖奮鬥了一代人的時間(先任荷蘭執政,後來又是英格蘭、愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭的國王)。他向一位助手吐露說,假如他活在哈布斯堡王朝即將稱霸歐洲的16世紀50年代,他會“既是一位西班牙人(哈布斯堡人),也是一位法國人”。日後的溫斯頓·邱吉爾也是一樣。20世紀30年代有人抨擊他反德。他回覆說:“假如目前情形顛倒過來,我們同樣會親德反法。”

  19. Palmerston to Clarendon, July 20, 1856, quoted in Harold Temperley and Lillian M. Penson,Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt (1792) to Salisbury(1902) (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 88.

  20. 促使霍布斯撰寫《利維坦》的主要原因是英國的內戰。這場戰爭給英國造成的破壞雖然不及“三十年戰爭”給歐洲大陸造成的破壞,但依然很嚴重。

  21. Thomas Hobbes,Leviathan (1651) (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994), 233.

  22. 記住以下一點很重要:當時中歐只有一個大國——奧地利及其領地。普魯士尚是位於德國最東邊的一個二流國家。德意志是一個地理概念,而不是一個國家。數十個小邦國,有的微不足道,各有各的治理方式。

  23. Lucy Norton, ed.,Saint-Simon at Versailles (London: Hamilton, 1958), 217–30.

  24. 直到殘酷的外交導致波蘭連續三次被瓜分前,腓特烈治下的疆土東邊三面與波蘭接壤,另一面鄰波羅的海。

  25. Gerhard Ritter,Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile, trans. Peter Paret (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), 29–30.

  26. Frederick II of Prussia,Oeuvres, 2, XXV (1775), as quoted in Friedrich Meinecke,Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’état and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1957) (originally published in German, 1925), 304.

  27. “Not so bad for the eve of a great battle.” Frederick II, as quoted in Otto von Bismarck,Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 316; and Otto von Bismarck,The Kaiser vs. Bismarck: Suppressed Letters by the Kaiser and New 插pters from the Autobiography of the Iron 插ncellor(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1921), 144–45.

  28. 正如蒲柏在1734年所說,“關於種種治理方式的問題,還是讓愚人去爭論吧。什麼治理效果最好,什麼就是最好的。”Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1734), epistle iii, lines 303–4.

  29. As quoted in G. P. Gooch,Frederick the Great (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947), 4–5.

  30. David A. Bell,The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 5.

  31. 一些論著生動講述了這一社會現象。See Susan Mary Alsop, The Congress Dances: Vienna,1814–1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); Adam Zamoyski, Rites of Peace:The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna (London: HarperPress, 2007).

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